Ultra-Processed Foods Linked to Fertility Challenges for Couples
New research indicates that the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) by both expectant mothers and fathers can have a detrimental impact on fertility and early embryonic development. The study, published in Human Reproduction, suggests that a diet lower in these highly processed items could significantly improve a couple’s chances of conceiving and contribute to a healthier pregnancy.
The investigation, led by researchers at the Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, delved into the dietary habits of couples during the crucial periconceptional period. This phase, encompassing the time around conception and the early weeks of pregnancy, is vital for establishing a successful pregnancy and healthy fetal growth. The study analysed the dietary intake of 831 women and their 651 male partners, specifically focusing on the proportion of ultra-processed foods within their total food consumption.
Ultra-processed foods are typically industrial formulations made from substances derived from foods or synthesized in laboratories, often containing additives like artificial colours, flavours, and preservatives. Examples commonly include sugary drinks, packaged snacks, ready meals, and processed meats.
Impact on Maternal Health and Early Embryonic Growth
While the study did not find a direct link between maternal UPF intake and overall fertility outcomes, it did reveal a concerning association with early embryonic development. Specifically, expectant mothers who consumed higher amounts of ultra-processed foods exhibited:
- Smaller Crown-Rump Length at Seven Weeks: A higher UPF intake was associated with a reduced crown-rump length (CRL) in embryos at seven weeks of gestation. CRL is a key measurement used to assess fetal growth and gestational age. The study found a difference of -0.13 standard deviation scores (SDS) for each SDS increase in UPF intake, indicating a statistically significant impact.
- Reduced Yolk Sac Volume at Seven Weeks: Similarly, increased maternal consumption of UPFs was linked to a smaller yolk sac volume at seven weeks of gestation. The yolk sac plays a critical role in nourishing the early embryo before the placenta fully develops. The observed difference was -0.14 SDS per SDS increase in UPF intake.
These findings suggest that while conception might not be directly hindered by maternal UPF intake, the very early stages of fetal development could be compromised, potentially increasing the risk of complications down the line.
Paternal UPF Consumption and Fecundability
The research also highlighted a distinct impact of ultra-processed food consumption on male fertility. Higher UPF intake in men was associated with:
- Decreased Fecundability: This refers to the probability of conception per menstrual cycle. The study indicated a fecundability ratio of 0.90 for men with higher UPF intake, suggesting a reduced likelihood of their partners becoming pregnant.
- Increased Subfertility Risk: The odds of experiencing subfertility (difficulty conceiving) were also elevated in men with higher UPF consumption, with an odds ratio of 1.36 per SDS increase in UPF intake.
Interestingly, while paternal UPF intake showed a clear association with reduced fecundability, it was not found to be linked with first-trimester fetal development in this study. This suggests that men’s dietary choices might play a more significant role in the initial ability to conceive, while maternal diet could be more critical for the subsequent growth of the embryo.
Recommendations for Healthier Pregnancies
Lead author Romy Gaillard, M.D., Ph.D., emphasised the broader implications of these findings. “Our findings suggest that a diet low in UPFs would be best for both partners, not only for their own health, but also for their chances of pregnancy and the health of their unborn child,” she stated.
The study’s findings underscore the importance of making informed dietary choices, particularly for individuals or couples planning a pregnancy. Shifting towards a diet rich in whole, unprocessed foods – such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains – could be a crucial step in optimising fertility and supporting a healthy pregnancy journey. While further research may be needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind these associations, the current evidence strongly points towards the beneficial impact of reducing ultra-processed food intake for both men and women aiming to conceive.
